Language and Literacy Development - 1014 Words

RUNNGHEAD: LANGUAGE AND LITERACY DEVELOPMENT ESSAY Language and Literacy Development Essay Alma J. Bosket Early Literacy Development (O101) -ECH-425 Dr. Leah Barley July 21, 2013 Language and Literacy Essay The achievement of oral language is a normal development for the performance of most children. The child’s (ren) understanding to communicate will began to increase with age, however, it will not establish the growth increase process right away but it will contribute to the perfection progress as the children starts to read and transform into a more experienced reader. Learning and communicating more adequately†¦show more content†¦When children experience early speech difficulties they tend to be at risk later on. By being susceptible to language skills early on allows the child (ren) to be more proficiency and react in a way that contributes to them being able to express themselves in a way that causes them to use a variety of different phonemes and at the same time mix and maneuver other language and literacy skills. Numerous studies have found that there is a strong link between language problems, reading and overall academic achievemen t (Konza, 2006, Snow Burns and Griffin, 1998, Justice and Ezell, 2000). Constructive early language and literacy development can be an ally to opening a child’s (ren) imagination; this will enhance and empower their potential to become successful readers. As the children grow (birth to 3 yrs. old) their brain goes through an extradinary developmental process and they begin to think, learn, communicate and rationalize things. When this early developmental stage is not being nourished the child will feel the affects of it in the long run. Children that come from low-income families that are enrolled in schools are affected the most. Educators and parents can assist these children by giving them the support (early-on) that they need to sustain a healthy learning environment. As educators it is our duty to create an environment that will help in this process. In conclusion, generally in language and literacy development skills for theShow MoreRelatedAdolescent Language And Litera cy Development1751 Words   |  8 PagesADOLESCENT LANGUAGE AND LITERACY DEVELOPMENT LESLEY CHU TSZ TING z5021045 Literacy acts as a very significant role in the out-of-school lives of adolescents. At the most elementary level, academics and policy makers have come to an agreement that the term â€Å"literacy† refers to the writing and reading of published texts. Nevertheless, to a more extensive extent, â€Å"literacy† at the present refers to even an artwork or a dance performance as a forms of a practice of literature. Hence, literacy is essentiallyRead MoreLanguage and Literacy Development in Preschool Children629 Words   |  3 PagesLanguage and Literacy Development in Preschool Children Long before a child begins to speak, he is already communicating with the world around him. From a very young age, a baby knows that a cry will draw a parent’s attention and that holding out his arms means â€Å"pick me up. And long before a child learns to read and write, he has already embarked on the path to literacy. Playing with a book, pointing to a sign or scribbling on a piece of paper – all of these are signs of emergent literacyRead MoreThe Language And Literacy Development Of The Children Using Aac1421 Words   |  6 Pagesdetailed picture of the language and literacy development of the children using AAC. The goal of the study is to explore effective approaches for supporting communication (including oral language, literacy, and technology skills) among those who require AAC devices. They took part in an intensive, 4-week summer intervention program. The program was designed to explore effective approaches, content and contexts for supporting communication, including oral language, literacy, and technology skills forRead MoreHow Language Abilities and Deficiencies Impact Literacy Development1529 Words   |  7 PagesHow Language Abilities and Deficiencies Impact Literacy Development Ashanti Gordon Grand Canyon University: ECH 515 December 12, 2012 How Language Abilities and Deficiencies Impact Literacy Development Multnomah County had a survey done for kindergarten teachers. The results suggested that 19.4% of their students were not headed toward literacy success, due to a lack of necessary language and pre-reading skills. There is a 90% probability of a child that is a poor reader in first gradeRead MoreEducation And Literacy Development For Preschool Dual Language Learners956 Words   |  4 Pageswill be in different stages of language development, and the educator must accommodate for each of these students. Magruder, Hayslip, Espinosa, and Matera (2013) state, â€Å"The US Census Bureau projects that by the 2030s, children whose home language is other than English will increase from roughly 22 percent to 40 percent of the school-age population† (p. 9). This increase in second language learners will cause the educator to accommodate for those needs. Second language learners â€Å"need teachers who welcomeRead MoreLanguage Learners : Does It Promote Or Hinder Literacy Develop ment?902 Words   |  4 PagesIn her article, Mainstreaming English Language Learners: Does it Promote or Hinder Literacy Development?, author Esther Somà ©-Guià ©brà ©, discusses the impact on literacy development when English language learners (ELL) are placed in mainstream classrooms. In this study, she followed two ELL students who are native French speaking African immigrants in the fifth grade in American schools. One of the students was a recent immigrant, only arriving five months ago, and the second was in her third year ofRead MoreSupporting the Development of English Literacy in English Language Learners22851 Words   |  92 PagesSUPPORTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH LITERACY IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS Key Issues and Promising Practices Diane August August Associates Report No. 61 February 2003 This report was published by the Center for Research on the Education of Students Placed At Risk (CRESPAR), a national research and development center supported by a grant (No. R-117-D40005) from the Office of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI), U.S. Department of Education. The content or opinions expressedRead MoreCritically Evaluating the Relationship Between Language and Social Processes and Analysing the Significance of Language Change and Variety for Literacy Learning and Development.2446 Words   |  10 PagesThe development of language and how these changes have impacted on learners’ literacy will be discussed throughout this essay, conveying factors such as the relationship between language and social processes, how language and literacy is influenced by personal, social and cultural factors also relating to the effects that barriers to learning have as well as shared contextual knowledge of language that learners’ have. Various other reasons for lang uage change and development such as accents and dialectRead MoreProfessional Development For Teachers With English Language Learners837 Words   |  4 PagesProfessional development for teachers that promotes English language acquisition and literacy proficiency for English language learners is the cornerstone of literacy reform in the United States. In this assignment, I define teacher knowledge. I then identify three areas of professional development that, by increasing teacher knowledge, would translate to increased learning gains for English language learners. Teacher Knowledge Carlisle, Kelcey, Rowan, and Phelps (2011) distinguished betweenRead MoreLanguage and Literacy1566 Words   |  7 PagesEDKL102- Assessment Task 1 Essay- What is Language? What is Literacy? How are they different? Teachers must have a sound knowledge and appreciation for language and literacy to be able to make the two concepts a valuable part of a students curriculum. This essay will explore the importance of language and literature in a students learning and how they assist in enhancing their development. Most importantly the similarities and differences will be distinguished so that the relationship between

The Black Natives By Arthur Jarvis - 1449 Words

Just as the natives are overwhelmed by fear, the whites are also affected, but in a different manner than the black natives. The white people fear that the Natives will take back their land and get rid of the whites. The whites oppress the natives in order to curb that fear, controlling Crawford 6 them and making them bend to their will. In South Africa, the imperial whites have taken over everything in the country, in essence capturing the natives. The natives are suppressed with low paying and hard jobs, little to no education, and essentially no social structure. Without this education, the natives learn and obtain little to no skills. Without good paying jobs, they have no wealth or prosperity. Arthur Jarvis says, â€Å"It is not permissible to watch its destruction, and to replace it by nothing, or by so little, that a whole people deteriorates, physically and morally† (Paton 179). Jarvis is saying that because there is no tribal integrity, the natives have little to no meaning, as the tribal system is the only way of life they know. These things cause regression into chaos and dominance of whites over them. All things are done because the whites are afraid of the potential power of the colloquial mass of natives. In order to persuade themselves that whi te oppression is moral, white people use the logic behind White Man’s Burden. Arthur Jarvis explains this in his writings that whites justify their motives because of philosophical or religious ideals. JarvisShow MoreRelatedCry, The Beloved Country994 Words   |  4 Pagesgeneration toward the black population in South Africa, one that seeks change but isn t always willing to exert the necessary effort. Who is John Harrison? People enter our lives all the time. Some become close friends. Others are here one day and gone the next. There are some with whom we rarely speak, but when we do, it has great impact. John Harrison could have been this type of character. He does not play a large role, but the role he plays mimics the ideas of Arthur Jarvis, the deceased son ofRead MoreRacial Morals in Cry, The Beloved Country Essay1531 Words   |  7 Pagesracial segregation between white Europeans and black natives. The official goal of apartheid was to establish laws that would isolate these groups in most activities, especially in education, employment, housing, and politics. The word apartheid means apartness in Afrikaans, one of South Africas official languages. This inequity caused great conflict between the races. This conflict can be seen through the experiences of Steven Kumalo and James Jarvis, the main characters in the contemporary novelRead MoreCry, the Beloved Country and Injustice, Fear and Family1 748 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment spread ideas of inequality and injustice, forcing people to live in fear of their lives. In his protest novel, Cry, the Beloved Country, Alan Paton uses the interaction of characters to illustrate the negative effects of apartheid on both the natives in South Africa and the white oppressors. He uses the subject fear to demonstrate the everlasting ideas of the worlds corrupt system of justice and what effects it can have on family and religion. A corrupt system, such as apartheid, can jumpstartRead MoreThe Family And Love Of A Good Christian Woman862 Words   |  4 Pages The story begins in Ndotsheni, a Native village in the Natal. The protagonist is Stephen Kumalo who is the village’s reverend. One day he receives a letter from a minister in Johannesburg, Theophilus Msimangu, asking him to come to the city as his sister Gertrude is sick. Kumalo decides to go, despite the difficulty and expense, as he has also lost contact with his son, Absaolom. Kumalo arrives in Johannesburg and Msimangu (who will largely act as the author’s voice) arranges for him to stayRead More Cry, the Beloved Country, by Alan Paton Essay examples961 Words   |  4 Pagesown benefit, the tribal system of the African natives is broken down and replaced by poverty, homelessness, fear, and violence. A black priest, Stephen Kumalo, ventures to the great city of Johannesburg in search of his lost sister and son. His journey demonstra tes the unhealthy lifestyle and mutinous atmosphere of the black people; yet he is the beholder of forgiveness, love, hope, and the restoration of a country overwhelmed with problems. The blacks in big cities, such as Johannesburg, are fearfulRead MoreCry, The Beloved Country By Alan Paton Reconciliation981 Words   |  4 Pagesthey controlled a vast share of the wealth after manipulating the black population leaving most in poverty. Consequently, this system led to situations erupting into violence as the black population demanded equality in all aspects. Some of the Europeans were supportive of the black movement, but many lived in segregated areas and were blissfully ignorant of black’s conditions. Despite the violence depicted amongst the whites and blacks of South Africa, in Cry, The Beloved Country by Alan Paton reconciliationRead MoreCry, The Beloved Country1710 Words   |  7 Pagesstating their name and a description, or with background knowledge of the character. There are quite a few characters in Cry, the Beloved Country and their role is to help move the plot along. The central characters are Arthur Jarvis, Theophilus Msimangu, Absalom Kumalo , James Jarvis, and Stephen Kumalo. Stephen Kumalo is a sensitive, humble, and godly man.Sometimes, his anger can get the best of him but he always apologizes immediately after. He goes through a lot of suffering throughout the novelRead MoreComparison of Patons Cry, The Beloved Country and Conrads Heart of Darkness1357 Words   |  6 Pagesthe destruction of the beautiful, pre-colonialism native land of Africa. Heart of Darkness also tells the story of a man and his experiences with colonialism, but a man who comes from a different time period and a very different background than Alan Paton’s Stephen Kumalo. Although, both Joseph Conrad and Alan Paton portray the colonized areas as very negative, death filled, and sinful places, it is when one analyzes the descriptions of the native lands of Africa that the authors reasons for theirRead More New Criticism of Cry, the Beloved Country Essay988 Words   |  4 Pagesfriend’s daughter. In his journey to Johannesburg there are a lot of smaller journeys, such as trips to the reformatory, Shanty Town ,Ezenseleni, and many such other trips. Other characters that are searching or journeying for something are Arthur Jarvis, James Jarvis, Absalom Kumalo, John Kumalo, and Msimangu. The ability of a family to nurture and heal individuals. This theme can be seen in how individuals such as Absalom and his wife are committing crimes to survive, but once reintroduced into theRead MoreAlan Paton s Cry, The Beloved The Country1358 Words   |  6 PagesHistory is known to repeat itself, as evidence by the many groups that have suffered racial and ethnic discrimination. Hitler created prejudice against the Jews during World War II. Southerners discriminated against the Blacks, leading up to the Civil War, and during the Apartheid, the Natives were segregated from the Whites. In Alan Paton’s Cry, the Beloved the Country, the main character Stephen Kumalo goes through a journey to restore his tribe. During his journey, he discovers and learns of the injustices

Total Factor Productivity And Its Importance †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Factor Productivity And Its Importance. Answer: Introduction: One of the factor that is considered precarious for economic fluctuation, economic growth and per capital difference across county is total factor productivity (TFP). The amount of input used in the process of production is not defined by the total factor productivity. Level of TFP is determined by how intensely and efficiently inputs are utilized in production. Number of hours worked and output level has strong correlation with the TFP. In the model of standard business cycle, investment and pro cyclical supply of labour are promulgated by shocks to factor productivity. This helps in generating fluctuations to labour productivity and output under the business models. TFP helps in driving income per capita in an economy as a part of long growth. Determinants of TFP are highlighted using the endogenous growth models when growth rate in TFP are linked to innovation (Ayres et al. 2014). Growth in output is represented by TFP. Factor productivity can be different in different countries d ue to difference in technological efficiencies and physical technologies possessed by them. Discussion: Business cycle is significantly impacted by endogenous innovation decisions that affects the growth of total factor productivity. It is regarded as a mechanism that helps in propagating shocks that are of low persistence that helps in increasing persistence rather than creating any disturbances. A firm is able to convert its inputs into outputs using several combination of inputs as incorporated in the production process. Production process helps in establishing relationship between resulting outputs by using various input combinations. Production process helps in indicating the maximum level of output that can be produced by organization sing different level of inputs. For making the concept simpler, it is assumed that firm would be using toe inputs that is labour and capital. Growth in Total factor productivity is derived by calculating domestic growth output that is not explained by growth in inputs used in production process. In other words, it is the combined efficiency of capit al inputs and labour inputs relative to value added in economy. TFP growth is often referred to, as Solow residual is it has disembodied technological change. However, it also involve some factor beyond technological change. Following equation represents production function using labour and capital as inputs to production process. q= f (A, L, K) The above equation explains relationship between quantities of two inputs that is labour and capital in output determination. L symbolises labour and K symbolises capital. Another component A denotes technological factors. A that is measured by technological factors denotes total factor productivity. Competitiveness of organization or country can be measured using TFP. A country is likely to be more competitive if it has higher total factor productivity and it is regarded as one of the main driver of economic growth. If a country is able to experience increased total factor productivity, then sing same level of resources, it can yield higher output and thereby leading to higher economic growth. The primary point of distinction between A and (K and L) is that former is TFP that account technology as its measured factors and later are inputs to production process (Gupta et al. 2014). Output can produced by firms output in various ways because production functions make use of inputs in varying proportion for producing different level of outputs. If looked at the above production function as indicated by equation, it can be seen that firm using more labour will have to use less capital and vice versa. Suppose, an organisation wants to manufacture cars, it can rely on more capital usage or more labour. There can be employment of labour intensive techniques for manufacturing or capital intensive techniques whatever is suitable to the organizations production process. An increase in either L or K will lead to increase in level of output. However, in the long run due to applicability of law of diminishing return to variable factors, an increase in input to certain level will fail to increase output. TFP accounts for wide range of factors such as innovation, human capital and technology. With the advancement of technologies and change in the production process, a firm is capable of producing more output with the given amount of inputs. An organization are operating efficiently as described by technical feasibility and it is indicative of the fact that inputs are being utilized efficiently. It has been realized by economist that process of economic growth is driven by total factor productivity. Concept of TFP growth has three major improvements over traditional Solow residual approach. TFP growth is estimated as it involves changes made to input factors and allowing non-constant return to scale. In second part, TFP also incorporates indirect and direct effects through intermediate linkages to economy and in addition to this; it takes into account characteristics of open economy by assigning role of trade shocks (Kogan et al. 2017). Slowdown in rate of growth of Total factor productivity in merging market is considered as decisive break The above graph accounts for growth in total factor productivity for the changes in output that is not caused by changes in capital or labour input. Negative growth in total factor productivity can result from negative effects from recession that needs to be short lived when the economy is recovered. Since decades, the ongoing trend indicates technological progress is weakened by TFP. Investment made in economy can be sustained by faster growth in productivity (Restuccia 2013). Incorporation of measurement errors in output and capital in TFP growth: Labour becomes more efficient if they are provided with better technology and increase in productivity is not attributable to increased knowledge or better technologies. There can be sustained growth in per capital income of country o economy if there is an increase in per capita input. For over the past 150 years, advanced economies have experienced sustainable growth in their per capita income. Reason is attributable to technological advances leading to increased total factor productivity. Considering rise in long-term per capita income of US that 80% rise in level of output accounted for technological advancement and 20% resulting from increased capital investment. Inputs and efficiency are the two factors that are responsible for capitalist growth. There are three propositions that are responsible for success of economies and input factors driving growth are regarded as inherently limited. It incorporated world technologies diffusion, monetary view and economic centre of gravity shifting to Asian nations. Estimated growth of total factor productivity are sensitive for the assumptions about economics of scale. Distinction needs to be done at various developmental level. When factors other than technological change represents growth, difficulty arises in interpretation of measuring growth in TFP. Incapability of K and L in driving economy towards long-term sustainable growth: Technological factors suggest growth and technological progress is experienced in recent histories. From both theoretical and empirical point of view, one of the major growth of technological progress is the technological progress. An addition or employment of extra nit of input by keeping all other factors constant will lead to fall in output level according to law of diminishing marginal return. Due to this, a country by accumulating capital and labour will not be able to maintain long-run growth. The contributory factor resulting in growth of per capita output of any economy is technological advancement, capital stock and labour input (Gupta 2014). Increasing income inequality in country is related to declining share of labours and it is responsible for concentrating labour income. Growth of labour productivity forms the basis of sustainable economic growth. Growth of income witness a decline if growing national income share is spend towards national income. The reason is attributable to the fact that distribution of capital income towards labour income is more evenly distributed compared to households. Growing inequality in wage has been mainly due to falling share of labour in productivity. Labour division forms the basis of growth within, between the economy and rest part of world. Each workers are required to have particular skills and such expertise helps in enhancing each workers productivity. Overall national growth results from labour supply growth and increase in value of goods produced in the country (Buccirossi et al. 2013). Importance of TFP as a force of sustainable growth: TFP as a source of sustainable growth can be explained by taking an example of Asian country that is Singapore. This is done by analysing source of growth in output by using the estimation techniques of total factor productivity over the past several decades. Considering this case can be an outstanding example of growth of TFP. It has been ascertained since 1970s that growth of TFP in Singapore has been slow and economy is driven by input. One of the driving force of output growth in country is the capital input (Balcerowicz et al. 2015). It can be seen that target of achieving target growth is prevented by diminishing return to factors. Technical progress and technical efficiency needs to be differentiated and growth in TFP needs to be identified by industrial sector. Technical efficiency in the country is negative and growth of total factor productivity is driven by technological progress (Jones 2015). It has been explored that capital deepening helps in enhancing the technical pro gress of country. A country needs to have human capital development policies for enhancing the growth of TFP through progress in technical efficiency. Total factor productivity is the technological level or level of productivity in an economy. An increase in capital to labour ratio is indicative of fact of increase in capital deepening. Other segments of economy becomes uncompetitive due to appreciation of currency from natural resources exports. There are certain endogenous innovation decisions that leads to growth in total factor productivity and has several implications in business cycle. Certain factors that helps in generation of pro cyclical fluctuations low persistence and non-technological shocks given by innovation market profile. TFP technology adoption determinants helps in explaining cross-country variations (Halpern et al. 2015). The long-term source of economic growth is provided by total factor productivity. It represents externalities that helps in creating societal benefits resulting from return on inputs and this is beyond factors that are internalized by investors. Growth in TFP is regarded as compounding measure. It is indicative of fact that annual improvement do not add up over long time-period. Gradual erosion in economy and its ability to prevent decline results from long-term slowdown due to falling growth in TFP. Facts that are reflected in TFP involves technological change, market structure, other spillovers and things that is measured wrongly and intangible assets that is left unmeasured (De Gregorio 2016). Therefore, TFP is not only required in business corporation but also in the area of public policy makers interest. In several mature economies, slowdown in growth of TFP is a major matter of concern. One of the sustainable source of ling-term growth of economy is TFP and this is so because economy keeps running because of productivity. Diminishing return is not incorporated in the growth factor as compared to homogenous inputs. The workhorses of economic growth empirical analysis is growth measurement and growth accounting. Assumption of constant return to scale, factor neutral technological change and marginal cost pricing with regard to TFP notion seems to be widely accepted (Calligaris 2015). Conclusion: Rate of change in economy productivity and potential gross domestic product helps in measuring sustainable economic growth rate. Increase in total factor productivity shifts or changes the entire production capacity of economy as a whole. Factors driving economic growth involves technological changes along with quantity and quality of capital and labour supplied in economy. Therefore, it can be said that the major determinant of growth of total factor productivity is change in technology. It can be concluded that crucial factor influencing economic growth and long-term sustainability of developed countries is total factor productivity. References: Ayres, Robert, and Vlasios Voudouris. "The economic growth enigma: Capital, labour and useful energy?."Energy Policy64 (2014): 16-28. Balcerowicz, Leszek, and Andrzej Rzo?ca.Puzzles of Economic Growth. World Bank Group, 2015. Bartelsman, Eric, John Haltiwanger, and Stefano Scarpetta. "Cross-country differences in productivity: The role of allocation and selection."The American Economic Review103, no. 1 (2013): 305-334. Buccirossi, Paolo, Lorenzo Ciari, Tomaso Duso, Giancarlo Spagnolo, and Cristiana Vitale. "Competition policy and productivity growth: An empirical assessment."Review of Economics and Statistics95, no. 4 (2013): 1324-1336. Calligaris, Sara. "Misallocation and Total Factor Productivity in Italy: Evidence from Firm?Level Data."Labour29, no. 4 (2015): 367-393. De Gregorio, Jos. "Financial integration, financial development and economic growth."Estudios de Economa26, no. 2 (2016): pp-137. Fernald, John G. "A quarterly, utilization-adjusted series on total factor productivity." Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, 2014. Greiner, Alfred, Willi Semmler, and Gang Gong.The forces of economic growth: a time series perspective. Princeton University Press, 2016. Gupta, Sanjeev, Alvar Kangur, Chris Papageorgiou, and Abdoul Wane. "Efficiency-adjusted public capital and growth."World Development57 (2014): 164-178. Halpern, Lszl, Mikls Koren, and Adam Szeidl. "Imported inputs and productivity."The American Economic Review105, no. 12 (2015): 3660-3703. Jones, Charles I. "The facts of economic growth."Handbook of Macroeconomics2 (2016): 3-69. Kogan, Leonid, and Dimitris Papanikolaou. "Growth opportunities, technology shocks, and asset prices."The Journal of Finance69, no. 2 (2014): 675-718. Kogan, Leonid, Dimitris Papanikolaou, Amit Seru, and Noah Stoffman. "Technological innovation, resource allocation, and growth."The Quarterly Journal of Economics132, no. 2 (2017): 665-712. Marrocu, Emanuela, Raffaele Paci, and Stefano Usai. "Productivity growth in the old and new Europe: the role of agglomeration externalities."Journal of Regional Science53, no. 3 (2013): 418-442. Restuccia, Diego, and Richard Rogerson. "Misallocation and productivity." (2013): 1-10. Sanchis, Teresa, Juan A. Sanchis-Llopis, Vicente Esteve, and Antonio Cubel. "Total factor productivity, domestic knowledge accumulation, and international knowledge spillovers in the second half of the twentieth century."Cliometrica9, no. 2 (2015): 209.

Bram Stokers Dracula Essay Example For Students

Bram Stokers Dracula Essay Film today can be very powerful as a means of expression and communication. Often the most diminutive detail can have a tremendous i8mpact on an audience encompassing all ages. These details often come from a range of media devices. They have a profound affect on how the director attempts to express a scene. One of the most recurrent themes since the launch of film has to be the element of Good and Evil. A prime example of this is Bram Strokers Dracula. The film is based on a book written by Abraham Stoker in the 1800s. During this time England was fascinated by the Gothic. Darwin had brought up the theory of evolution, giving the idea that man evolved from prime apes. This all built up to eventually influence Bram Stroker to write the amazing Dracula. In this essay I will be conducting an analysis on the contrasts between the element of Good and Evil. I will be studying how they are both portrayed in the film. Extreme polarities between good and evil are an additional Gothic element Stoker applies to produce a mysterious tone. When characters are heading into Lucys tomb, the setting is very dark and gloomy. This contrasts greatly with the picture given of the setting once they exit Lucys tomb. Seward describes it as fresh and pure in the night air p. 220. This change in the atmosphere makes the reader associate an eerie feeling with Lucys tomb, which causes them to feel anxious whenever the characters venture into the tomb. The reader also feels anxious because of foreshadowing which Stoker uses while the characters are at Lucys tomb. The night is explained as dark with occasional gleams of moonlight between the rents of the heavy clouds that scudded across the sky p. 219. This explanation foreshadows that something frightening is about to occur. This creates an apprehensive feeling in the reader, and increases suspense in the book. Another time when Stoker includes foreshadowing is when Seward comments, Never did tombs look so ghastly white; never did cypress, or yew, or juniper so seem the embodiment of funeral gloom p. 222. This illustration leads the reader to believe something strange will happen soon, and forces them to keep reading. Stoker uses many Gothic elements when describing Lucys tomb to enforce the tone of the scene. This is necessary because once the reader feels what the tone of the setting is, it enhances their understanding of the scene.